Most cannabis buyers focus on THC, CBD, and the recreational benefits – and you’re not alone. Many users buy cannabis online for these factors. However, cannabinoids aren’t the only players in the overall experience.
Terpenes, another major component of cannabis, significantly impact symptom management, particularly for neuropathic pain.
Researchers at the University of Arizona and the National Institutes of Health are exploring which terpenes work best for this condition.
Key Takeaways:
- Terpenes are chemical compounds in the plant kingdom that provide flavour, aroma, and therapeutic benefits.
- Terpenes such as alpha-humulene, beta-caryophyllene, beta-pinene, geraniol, and linalool can reduce pain without inducing side effects.
- The study suggests that terpenes may improve the effectiveness of morphine in managing pain.
What are Terpenes?
Terpenes are natural chemical compounds found throughout the plant kingdom. They are responsible for many plants’ aromas, flavours, and colours. Terpenes are the key differentiator between cannabis strains, even though they’re present in many other plants.
These aromatic compounds are most abundant in mature, unfertilized cannabis flower. Improper storage, handling, and light exposure can quickly degrade terpenes in cured flowers.
Most plants contain two dominant terpenes, but cannabis boasts a remarkable variety—up to 150. This complexity may explain the diverse biological effects experienced with different cannabis strains.
Terpenes and Neuropathic Pain – Journal of the International Association for the Study of Pain
Neuropathic pain is a burning or shooting sensation caused by nerve damage. Some people experience constant, severe pain, while others have episodes that come and go. The nerve damage disrupts how nerves function, not just at the injury site but also in surrounding areas.
University of Arizona College of Medicine’s pharmacology professor and researcher, John Streicher, highlighted that their findings indicate terpenes are particularly effective in relieving a specific type of chronic pain, with minimal and manageable side effects.
| Goal | Explore the antinociception and mechanism of cannabis terpenes in a mouse model of neuropathic pain |
| Method | Tested for antinociception by injecting terpenes (200 mg/kg) into male and female mice with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) or lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory pain |
| Findings | The study found that injecting a specific dose of terpenes produced pain relief roughly equal to a smaller dose of morphine. Terpenes also seemed to boost the effectiveness of morphine when used together. Unlike morphine, none of the terpenes studied triggered any significant feelings of reward. This suggests that terpenes could be powerful painkillers without the addictive or unpleasant side effects. |
Unlike morphine, none of the terpenes studied triggered any significant feelings of reward. This suggests that terpenes could be powerful painkillers without the addictive or unpleasant side effects.
The new research focused on five specific terpenes found in moderate to high concentrations within cannabis: alpha-humulene, beta-caryophyllene, beta-pinene, geraniol, and linalool.
All tested terpenes were effective in reducing neuropathic pain. For inflammatory pain, however, only terpenes other than beta-pinene showed pain-relieving effects.
Is There a Possibility of a Dysphoric Effect?
They also found that geraniol and linalool showed no preference or aversion, which suggests they neither create a “high” nor unpleasant feelings. This, combined with their pain-relieving properties, makes them promising candidates for pain medication with minimal side effects.
Alpha-humulene, beta-caryophyllene, and beta-pinene showed signs of being potentially unpleasant (dysphoric) in these testing conditions. The study suggests that while no terpenes are directly rewarding, some may have neutral effects, while others could have negative side effects. This is important to consider when choosing terpenes as pain medications.
Mechanism of Action
The study found that terpenes mimicked the effects of the A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR), which led to increased levels of a signalling molecule (cAMP). The exact way they interact with A2AR remains unclear.
While terpenes didn’t compete with other molecules binding to the same site (similar to their interaction with cannabinoid receptor 1 or CBR1), the findings suggest they might still directly activate A2AR.
The Top Five Terpenes For Pain
Alpha-Humulene
Humulene is a common monocyclic sesquiterpene found in cannabis, hops, black pepper, basil, ginseng, and sage. This natural compound gives cannabis a spicy, herbaceous, or woody taste, similar to a hoppy beer.
Beyond its taste profile, humulene boasts potential analgesic (painkilling), anti-inflammatory, and mild sedative effects.
Alpha-humulene, sometimes mistakenly called alpha-caryophyllene, shares a close structural relationship with beta-caryophyllene. Their similar names are leftovers from history and don’t reflect their chemical makeup.
Beta-Caryophyllene
Caryophyllene’s unique molecular structure allows it to readily bind to CB2 receptors found in the body’s peripheral endocannabinoid system. This key interaction enables caryophyllene to deliver anti-inflammatory benefits without the euphoric effects (often caused by THC binding to CB1 receptors).
Beta-Pinene
Pinene, the most common terpene in nature, exists in alpha-pinene and beta-pinene. Their properties are quite similar. Beta-pinene is abundant in hops and cumin.
Pinene boasts a unique combination of effects:
- Enhances mental focus and energy by acting almost as a cognitive stimulant.
- Acts as a bronchodilator by improving airflow in the lungs, which makes it beneficial for asthmatics and those with other respiratory issues.
- Anti-inflammatory properties make it a potential aid for arthritis and fibromyalgia.
- Pinene’s versatility extends to topical applications with an antiseptic ingredient.
Geraniol
A 2015 review explored geraniol’s potential as a medicine. The research pointed towards its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which might manage chronic pain or inflammation.
Linalool
Linalool, a monoterpene compound known for its calming and anti-anxiety (anxiolytic) effects, exists in two main forms: R-linalool (licareol) and S-linalool (coriandrol). Linalool is also a well-documented antifungal and antimicrobial agent.
Where Can You Get Terpenes?
Terpenes often accompany cannabinoids. Although individual terpenes are available, the effects of cannabinoids and terpenes show better results.
When browsing, look for products containing a full spectrum of plant compounds. For instance, cannabis flower or concentrate offers diverse components, whereas isolate products contain only a single compound.
Online dispensaries like GrassLife provide a convenient platform for purchasing cannabis products infused with terpenes. They offer diverse options, like flower, edibles, and concentrates, all containing the full spectrum of weed components. You can find the exact product for you as they come in various flavours, potencies, and prices.
Online convenience benefits those dealing with pain, as they can comfortably shop from home and have their orders delivered to them. It’s also a great way to buy bulk cannabis for medical reasons. Some dispensaries may provide discounts to customers who possess a medical marijuana card, have a prescription, or buy in bulk. Discounts can range from 10 to 20% off.
Shopping online offers the opportunity to thoroughly research products before buying. This includes understanding their components to ensure they align with your needs and preferences. You can also reach out to the customer support team for needed help.
Conclusion
While most research has focused on THC and CBD, new studies suggest terpenes might independently manage neuropathic pain. A study found that alpha-humulene, beta-caryophyllene, beta-pinene, geraniol, and linalool all showed potential in pain management. These terpenes may also enhance the effects of morphine. Researchers acknowledge the need for further studies to explore this potential for a powerful combination therapy.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the best way to experience the effects of cannabis terpenes?
While the study used injected terpenes, the authors acknowledged this method isn’t very applicable to human use.
Many people use commercially available cannabis extracts containing terpenes through vaping or smoking. Anecdotal reports suggest terpenes work when taken orally or inhaled.
Are there other cannabis products rich in terpenes?
Butane hash oil (BHO) comes in two main consistencies: budder and shatter. Budder tends to have a slightly higher terpene concentration, around 0.846%, compared to Shatter’s 0.842%. This difference is small and could be due to normal variation.
What happens when you combine terpenes with cannabinoids?
When combined with cannabinoids, terpenes create a synergy called the entourage effect. For instance, strains high in CBD and terpene linalool can influence neurotransmitters to promote relaxation and anxiety relief. These strains are often ideal for managing anxiety.
Understanding terpenes and their role in the entourage effect has become increasingly valuable in the cannabis industry. Cultivators are now focusing more on terpene profiles and their functions to develop new strains specifically targeted for treating various conditions.
How to combine cannabis terpenes and pain relievers?
While studies show cannabis may be effective for pain relief and could reduce reliance on pain medication, there’s limited research on combining terpenes and pain relievers.
Consult your doctor about replacing your pain medication with cannabis. They can advise you on suitable products and dosages to achieve pain relief equivalent to your current medication.
